Abstract: Crystals with more than one molecule in the asymmetric unit (Z′ > 1) present a longstanding challenge for understanding the balance between molecular conformation, intermolecular interactions, and crystal stability. This work reports a detailed investigation of a 3-((3,3-dinitroazetidin-1-yl)diazenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole that crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1 with two Z′ = 2. The two molecules are formally enantiomers differing in the inversion of the azetidine nitrogen atom and exhibit distinct orientations of the nitro groups, yet they display remarkably similar molecular volumes and Hirshfeld surface characteristics. Using a combination of periodic DFT calculations, topological analysis within the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules, and energy decomposition via the Interacting Quantum Atoms method, we examine the structural and energetic differences between the two independent molecules. The analysis reveals that the similarity in volumetric properties arises from a compensation between electronic deformation and electrostatic stabilization, rather than from geometric identity. The results highlight the role of the triazole and azetidine fragments in determining the energetic balance, while the nitro groups contribute mainly to the rigidity of the crystal packing. This case study provides deeper insight into the Z′ = 2 phenomenon and demonstrates the value of real-space electronic structure methods for unraveling compensation mechanisms in molecular crystals.

Cite: Dubasova E.V. , Anisimov A.A. , Bolshakov K.M. , Larin A.A. , Svitanko I.V. , Fershtat L.L. , Ananyev I.V.
Diving Deep into the Difference between Two Independent Molecules: The Case Study of 3-((3,3-Dinitroazetidinyl)diazenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole
Crystal Growth & Design. 2026. V.26. N13. P.5138-5149. DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.6c00463 WOS OpenAlex

Dates:

Published online:

Jun 23, 2026

Identifiers:

≡ Web of science:	WOS:001789492900001
≡ OpenAlex:	W7164192856

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